I Have Been Made So That You Can Use Me Again and Again

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and surroundings. Problems of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it'south (high) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' subsequently 'I wish' and 'if simply'.
8. 'It'due south (loftier) time' and 'It's (virtually) time'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people'due south actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Time to come/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present South., Nowadays Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish piece of work early on, we'll get for a walk.
	If the conditions is nice, nosotros'll become swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you take finished your coffee, we tin pay the bill.
	If you're ill, encounter a medico! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type Ii Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + By Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + blank infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don't take coin - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you, I would have an umbrella, (advice)
Type 3 Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + By Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + by participle
	If we hadn't left and so early, we would have missed the plane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If yous had told me before about your problems, I would accept helped you , but now it's also belatedly.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been so nasty yesterday, we would not accept stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are ordinarily introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.

2.1 If only : This adds accent to hypothetical situations. With by events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only  I had plenty time!

If but  I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't take happened!

ii.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  past Jane, he couldn 't accept known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known , (tin can exist inverse)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come dorsum , he 'Ii telephone  you. (cannot be inverse)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/and so long every bit, provided  or only if .

2.three Merely if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Just afterward posting the letter did  I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll exercise  what you say provided the police are non  informed.

two.four Fifty-fifty if describes how something volition happen whatsoever the status.

Even if it rains , nosotros'll still go  for a picnic.

2.5 But for him , I wouldn't accept been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

two.6 Supposing it rains, will you still become for a picnic?

2.seven What if  it rains,  will you get for a walk?

two.eight We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the field of study.

Should, come , tell him to expect for me.

Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

four.1 Going to Going to  can supercede volition.

If you lot fall, you  're going to  hurt yourself.

If y'all  're going to  make problem, we 'II phone call the law.

4.ii Present perfect This can exist used to accent completion after if.

If you' ve finished , then we'll get. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you lot  once, I've told  y'all a hundred times!

iv.iii Doubt and uncertainty

An additional non  can exist added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does non add a negative meaning.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I call up it volition rain.)

4.iv Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  see Ann, could  you inquire her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to meet Ann.

4.v Were to This as well makes an consequence seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes run a risk possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you  happen to  encounter Helen, could yous ask her to telephone call me?

If yous  should happen to be passing,  drib in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how one issue depends on another.

If information technology  weren  't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and accent These can be used as polite forms.

If you  will/would await  here, I'll run into if Mrs Light-green is costless.

Will  tin also be used for emphasis, pregnant 'insist on doing'.

If you lot will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.nine If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb exist. If interested,  apply within.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.x  Formally if can hateful although ,  usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a trivial  badly decorated.

v.i Subjunctive sentences: Subject + VERB + THAT + Subject field +  INF. without to

  John'south female parent insisted that he  return  home early.

5.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to exist  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.three The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to practice something
Advise, society, demand, inquire, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	Information technology is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she get  there. He suggested that they should go there.	Information technology is suggested that she become  there

5.4 Notation the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave  without her.

   It is recommended that y'all publish  your volume

5.5 The Past Subjunctive  prefers to utilise were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it'south (loftier) fourth dimension'

(I) wish, if merely. it's (high) time and it'due south (most) time,  nosotros 'become one tense back':

1 The by tense refers to the present: I wish I had  a better watch!  (At present)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If simply you had asked  me first!  (So)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

vii.1 We often use I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the answer!  (= it'southward possible I might find out the answer)

If only  is stronger. We use it to limited regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your female parent were  alive now!  (Of course, / wish  is also possible.)

7.ii We may utilize the simple past of be  afterwards wish  and if only

I wish I was  on holiday at present.  If only Tessa was  hither at present!

If we desire to be more formal, we use were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday at present.  If only Tessa were  hither!

seven.three Nosotros may use the by perfect of be  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on vacation last week.  If simply Tessa had been  here yesterday!

7.4 Nosotros use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the answer to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

8. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if merely'

We must use could,  not would,  after /and nosotros.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish we could take been together

We sometimes use / wish y'all (he. she.  etc.) would(north't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of dissonance!)  → I wish you wouldn't make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of racket!)  → I wish he would be  tranquillity!

9. 'Information technology'due south (high) time' and 'It's (most) time'

We use It's time, It'south loftier time  and it's virtually time  to limited present or time to come wishes, or to limited our impatience most things that haven't happened withal:

Kim can't even eddy an egg. - I know.

It'southward time/high time/about time she learnt to cook!

x. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

Nosotros use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

Nosotros tin can refer to the nowadays or the time to come:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could cull again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an architect.

xi. Expressing preferences nearly other people'southward actions

xi.ane We can refer to other people afterwards I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather exit  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I want him to leave)

xi.2 We use the past tense grade afterward I'd rather to  refer to the present or futurity.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit down next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit down  adjacent to me. (= at present)

11.3 We use the by perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to past time.

I'd rather have been  nowadays. (=  and then - I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather you had been  present,  (and then)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  about it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone nearly information technology.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.ii affirmative responses:

Frank won't give up  his present job. - I'd rather  he did.

I oasis't told  anyone nigh it. - I'd rather  yous had.

12.3 Nosotros do not accept to echo the main verb in a complete sentence:

You lot ever get  without me and I'd rather  you lot didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Bug of big cities.

Written report the important vocabulary:

i. The weather:

Cold atmospheric condition: the dank days of autumn, cold days of wintertime, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot atmospheric condition: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, balmy, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle cakewalk, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and copse: pollen, leaves, branch, torso, roots, bawl; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hide, thrive, option flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Beck, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; trees, forest, forest;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, rima oris, valley, gorge; Words continued with mountains:  foot, ridge, tiptop, top, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and ocean pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse upshot, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste material disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

Nosotros should:  avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , dearth, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammer

1. I finished digging in half an hr but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. take worked

2. It's  fourth dimension we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. accept visited, didn't see, then
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would have borrowed, some
2. might requite, few
3. would give, a little
4. would have lent, a few

iv. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

v. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1. had e'er come, will feel
2. comes, will be
3. would come, may be
4. ever came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could go ____ teaching in the department if she ____ information technology upon graduation.

1. a chore, wanted
2. work, will take wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror equally if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't be
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

8. If merely we ____ a phone! I'chiliad tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. accept had
4. can take

9. He said that if the state of war ____ he would have to leave the country at in one case.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. broke out
4. volition break out

ten. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."

1. volition be arrested, come up out
2. is arrested, to come up out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is being arrested, to come out

eleven. "At that place are ____ institutions, of course, but it'south non very like shooting fish in a barrel to go into them unless y'all ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity's, have got
3. clemency, don't have
4. charity, accept

12. "If cypher ____ , said she, beaming at them, nosotros shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. volition accept happened, the

xiii. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, equally though she ____ up all night.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

xiv. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't encounter
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, haven't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

xv. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can run into
2. turned, would be able to encounter
3. volition turn, will see
4. have turned, would see

sixteen. "I have some work that ____ exist finished before I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that mode he ____ accept taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be whatever use.

1. would suggest, idea
2. will propose, could have idea
3. might suggest, could recollect
4. would offer, thought

twenty. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't have recognized
4. while, couldn't accept recognized

21. Information technology's high fourth dimension y'all ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should exist, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might take happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might accept saved us a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hibernate.

1. none, was
2. someone, was non
3. people, were not
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has non brought
2. had non brought
3. does non bring
4. was not brought

27. "But we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "Information technology's high fourth dimension ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we have
3. have been being, to have
4. have been, nosotros had

28. If John ____ to encounter a dentist, allow him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to endure
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. will reject, suffering

29. "Y'all had better ____ dwelling. Y'all're probable to get into problem if you ____ here."

1. go, stay
2. to go, accept stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats information technology ____ pleasant enough to drive in that bound rain.

1. had had, would have been
2. accept had, would exist
3. shall accept, is
4. are having, will exist

31. He wondered a piddling ruefully simply what Dad ____ if he ____ well-nigh his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the tum.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were proverb. It was as though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did not concern
2. to hear, did non concern
3. listening, was non concerning
4. to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ just yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

i) volition be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

3) has been, would ... discuss

4) was, will... discuss

36. If yous    abroad with him, go at in one case, only don't ask me   him.

i) will become, to come across

2) will be going, to have met

iii) are going, to run across

iv) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'thou not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

i) would, will

2) can, shall

iii) could, would

four) can, would

38. If I   you lot then, what   you accept done?

1) didn't aid, would

two) hadn't helped, would

3) didn't, will

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to draw it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

twoscore. I'm tired. It's high time yous   and me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, have left

3) would accept gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie final night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

ii) did I eat, hadn't eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry almost it, she   that.

1) knew, won't do

two) knows, wouldn't exercise

3) had known, wouldn't have done

4) would know, accept washed

43. You lot wouldn't be then tired today if you   to bed when I told yous to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If yous     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) have, will be good

4) accept taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these messages.

i) didn't have, can have read

two) didn't have, could read

3) hadn't had, tin can read

iv) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, will modify

2) asked, would modify

3) had asked, would have changed

four) would ask, had inverse

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would get, earnt, were

two) would accept gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

four) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

i) was, will

2) were, would

3) take been, would

iv) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. It's loftier time you ____  rything.

one) would consent, are knowing

two) volition consent, take known

3) would accept consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more, I've simply told you that talking mends no holes.

one) had heard, would take

2) heard, would accept

3) have heard, would take taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks equally if he   the subject very well.

i) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

ii) were, would cheque

3) am, will check

four) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can have

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you lot   very bad at present.

one) was, volition experience

ii) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) tin can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

iv) could have, might to ameliorate

one) volition turn away, existence

2) will be turning from, have been

3) pass up, exist

4) have turned against, to be

i) If had he been, would take accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

three) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would back-trail, might not take identify

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

two) were, should be, explained

three) would exist, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that you   he  very glad.

ane) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would accept come, would have been

four) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you lot united states and then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill at present.

1) consult, will be

2) didn't consult, can exist

three) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't exist

65. If nosotros the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would take been met

two) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

four) take raised, won't be met

66. If it dark, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn' t been, might non have lost

3) wasn't, can have lost

4) were, volition lose

67. I wish you lot rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn't make

four) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sister equally if he anything like her.

one) didn't ever seen

2) has never seen

iii) can't see

four) had never seen

69. The exams . It'southward time nosotros down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, become

3) will come, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more than people in the function your sense of humour, Jack.

i) have

2) can have

3) will have

four) had

Vocabulary

one. Notice the right word.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded afterwards the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the middle of the square at that place is an onetime fountain/source/tap.
4. After the rain the street was total of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A modest river/stream/torrent  runs across the lesser of our garden.
6. Yous must comport a lot of h2o when yous cross the desert/apparently/sand.
7. From the tiptop/elevation/top  of the colina you can see the bounding main.
8. Information technology was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were so high.
9. I think it's going to rain. It's very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church caught burn down when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the right variant:

ane. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    two) wilds    3) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when information technology saw the children.

one) shook    ii) wagged    3) moved

3. A big.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    ii) bark    three) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field subsequently field of gilt..........waving in the air current.

i) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

half dozen. You have to sleep under a net to avoid existence bitten by...........

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

ane) channels    2) canals    iii) river.

eight. Some wild fauna will get.........if they become used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    iii) petty

3. Put the correct word in each infinite:

1. Nosotros collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. In that location's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. In that location's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. Y'all tin see the mountain....................amid the clouds in the altitude.

4. Choose the right respond:

1. There has been another increase/ascension  in the amount of crime.
2. The railroad train was in accident/collision  with a jitney on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the edifice demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the high/tempest  winds.
5. The authorities has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Anybody agrees that the surround/nature  must be protected.
7. There are few jobs hither and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made  an error.
9. There was a large demonstration/manifestation  confronting nuclear power.

5. Put the correct discussion in each infinite:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the urban center.
3. The cost of.......................has risen steadily this yr.
4. Thousands of buildings brutal down during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Large cities face the trouble of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that there was at present a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the Showtime World War (1914-1918), a big British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with ii thousand people on board. Suddenly, at most one-half past two in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The transport shook from end to cease, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and diddled 2 holes in her bottom. The body of water rushed into her engine-rooms, and virtually immediately the send began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly yard people lost their lives.

The captain could not run across the submarine that attacked his send, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks confronting ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and altitude of objects which the human heart may not be able to run into; it also records the management and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar tin can choice out objects more than a hundred miles abroad in the worst weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this fashion. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of perhaps one yard every 2d. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and lxxx-6 thousand miles a 2d till they hit an object, perhaps a transport, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot get through the object; and and so they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the opposite management, and striking the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modernistic ships of all nations comport radar to aid them sail in bad weather, when information technology is possible to see for a distance of perchance merely a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to ballast his send at such times and expect for conditions to improve. But today a transport with radar tin sail in almost any atmospheric condition atmospheric condition, with no danger of an blow.

Radar as well helps to guide aeroplanes across the earth. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points forth their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A airplane pilot guides his aeroplane towards ane beam, and then flies on to the next axle. At the stop of his journeying, he will land his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport scout the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Respond the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked considering

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

four) she carried out military operations during the First World State of war

2. Which of the post-obit observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To exist able to use radar one should know in detail how information technology works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

i) forecasting conditions weather.

two) striking various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the management and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must accept taken a longer time than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.

5. It follows from the text that

ane) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the blow.

two) radar is used just in bad weather conditions, when we tin meet possibly no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar issue would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

i. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the side by side meeting.

i) be decided

2) should decide

3) to be decided

iv) will exist decided

2. If you  _____  this volume you  _____  to replace it.

i) will lose, volition have

2) lose, will accept

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, volition need

3. Nosotros insist that a meeting _____ equally soon as possible.

1) to be held

ii) should be held

3) will exist held

four) to hold

iv. If Alison ____ another one-half hour'south work, she ____ information technology past the time the children become dwelling.

1) has done; finished

2) would practise; would have finished

3) does; will accept finished

4) did; finishes

5. If y'all  _____  more than ten books nosotros  _____  the cost of each volume by 10%.

1) purchase, will reduce

ii) will buy, reduce

three) volition buy, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

half-dozen. Alison was very surprised and recommended that nosotros ____ all the papers carefully.

one) will cheque

2) are checking

iii) might check

4) should check

seven. If I ____ a pay rising, I'm going to purchase a new automobile.

1) volition become

2) got

3) get

four) would become

viii. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without request who information technology was.

1) demand to be

2) was to be

iii) volition be

iv) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke equally though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think so.

1) never saw

ii) has been seen

3) would take never seen

4) had never seen

x. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone about  our conversation."

i) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

4) don't tell

eleven. I wish you lot ____ me earlier that you can't come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, equally if they  _____  at all.

i) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

thirteen. "It'south high time you ____ to look later on yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

iv) have learned

fourteen. It's time that squad ____ a lucifer. They haven't won a friction match for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

four) volition win

15. I was every bit awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

iii) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Printing, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Utilize, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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